AI Alignment

Draft complete but not yet reviewed; expect revisions

Sources Awaiting Verification

90 works were proposed for the book but could not be confirmed against a primary record (a publisher or catalog record, an arXiv entry, a conference list, or the issuing body's page). They are listed here with what the researcher recorded and the reason verification failed, so that each can be checked by hand. None of them is cited in the book until it is verified; the details below are the researcher's and are not confirmed.

G.1 AI ethics and the critique of the safety framing #

  • Love's Labor: Essays on Women, Equality and Dependency. Kittay, Eva Feder. year not recorded. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315108926 ISBN 9781315108926. Reason: Crossref holds only the 2019 second edition (edition-number 2); the first-edition year could not be confirmed from a record, and Open Library is unreachable.
  • Race After Technology. Benjamin, Ruha. year not recorded. Reason: No Crossref record for the book (only a 2023 reprinted chapter, 10.4324/9781003320609-52); Open Library unreachable; publisher page not attempted.

G.2 AI policy and governance documents #

  • Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence (OECD AI Principles). OECD. 2019. https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0449 Reason: Page requires JavaScript; title and date not readable by script.
  • Hiroshima Process International Code of Conduct for Organizations Developing Advanced AI Systems. G7. 2023. Reason: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan PDF fetch failed.
  • ISO/IEC 23894:2023 Information technology - Artificial intelligence - Guidance on risk management. ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 42. 2023. International Organization for Standardization. Reason: iso.org blocks scripted fetches.
  • AI Safety Governance Framework (version 1.0). National Technical Committee 260 on Cybersecurity. 2024. Reason: the issuing page was not located; version 2.0 (2025) is verified and cited instead
  • Council of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law. Council of Europe. 2024. Reason: coe.int fetch failed.
  • Frontier AI Framework. Meta. 2025. Meta. Reason: Page fetch failed.
  • Frontier AI Framework. Meta. 2025. https://ai.meta.com/static-resource/meta-frontier-ai-framework/ Reason: the developer's page returned a server error when fetched; secondary sources date version 1.1 to 3 February 2025
  • Statement from U.S. Secretary of Commerce Howard Lutnick on Transforming the U.S. AI Safety Institute into the Center for AI Standards and Innovation. U.S. Department of Commerce. 2025. Reason: commerce.gov fetch failed.
  • Statement on transforming the U.S. AI Safety Institute into the Center for AI Standards and Innovation. U.S. Department of Commerce. 2025. https://www.commerce.gov/news/press-releases/2025/06/statement-us-secretary-commerce-howard-lutnick-transforming-us-ai Reason: commerce.gov refuses scripted fetches and the exact title could not be confirmed; secondary reports date the statement 3 June 2025

G.3 Animal learning and comparative cognition #

  • A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. Rescorla, Robert A., Wagner, Allan R.. year not recorded. Classical Conditioning II: Current Research and Theory. Reason: Crossref search returned only related Rescorla papers and later tests of the model; the edited volume has no DOI record found. Needs a library record.
  • Don't Shoot the Dog: The New Art of Teaching and Training. Pryor, Karen. year not recorded. Reason: Crossref search returned unrelated records; the archive.org catalog was not searched for it.

G.4 Biosecurity and the governance of dual-use research #

G.5 Complex systems, cybernetics, and control #

  • Brain of the Firm. Beer, Stafford. year not recorded. Reason: Crossref returns only book reviews; no archive.org record found; Open Library unreachable. The verified file includes Beer's 1984 JORS paper on the viable system model.

G.6 Computer security #

  • Integrity Considerations for Secure Computer Systems. Biba, K. J.. year not recorded. MITRE Corporation. Reason: No Crossref or DTIC record found by title and author.
  • Robust Composition: Towards a Unified Approach to Access Control and Concurrency Control. Miller, Mark Samuel. year not recorded. Johns Hopkins University. Reason: No Crossref record; the author's site (erights.org) was unreachable from this network.

G.7 Criminology #

  • Other People's Money: A Study in the Social Psychology of Embezzlement. Cressey, Donald R.. year not recorded. Reason: First edition not confirmed. Title and author confirmed by 1954 Crossref review records (10.2307/2087778, 10.1086/221475, 10.2307/1140029), none of which states publisher or year; the Internet Archive catalog lists only later editions (Wadsworth, 1971; 1973). The 1950 American Sociological Review article that states the same hypothesis (10.2307/2086606) is in the verified file as the criminology spine.

G.8 Decision theory and formal foundations #

  • Truth and Probability. Ramsey, Frank P.. 1931. The Foundations of Mathematics and Other Logical Essays. Reason: Crossref has only later reprints (1988 and later); the original publication record was not found.
  • Motivated Value Selection for Artificial Agents. Armstrong, Stuart. 2015. AAAI Workshops. Reason: No Crossref record found and no official page fetched.

G.9 Economics #

  • Canaries in the coal mine? Six facts about the recent employment effects of artificial intelligence. Brynjolfsson, Chandar, Chen. year not recorded. Reason: Not found in Crossref or arXiv; the working-paper page was not located without a search engine. Author surnames are search leads from the assignment or recall, not from a record.
  • Could advanced AI drive explosive economic growth?. Davidson. year not recorded. Reason: Not found in Crossref or arXiv; the issuing organization's page was not fetched because web search was unavailable. Author surnames are search leads from the assignment or recall, not from a record.
  • Problems of monetary management: the U.K. experience. Goodhart. year not recorded. Reason: Only the 1984 Macmillan reprint chapter (10.1007/978-1-349-17295-5_4) has a primary record; it is listed in the verified file. No record of the original paper was found. Author surnames are search leads from the assignment or recall, not from a record.
  • Rational fools: A critique of the behavioral foundations of economic theory. Sen. year not recorded. Reason: Not found in Crossref, arXiv, or Open Library; a Semantic Scholar record exists but is not an accepted verifier for this bibliography. Author surnames are search leads from the assignment or recall, not from a record.
  • The economic theory of agency: The principal's problem. Ross. year not recorded. Reason: No Crossref, arXiv, or Open Library record found by title and author (Crossref does not index this journal's older JSTOR records for this title); JSTOR blocks automated fetches. Lead to check: American Economic Review. Author surnames are search leads from the assignment or recall, not from a record.
  • The firm as an incentive system. Holmstrom, Milgrom. year not recorded. Reason: Not found in Crossref by title, author, or year-filtered search. Author surnames are search leads from the assignment or recall, not from a record.
  • Debunking the AI Arms Race Theory. Scharre, Paul. 2021. Texas National Security Review. Reason: Not found in Crossref under the journal; the journal page was not fetched.

G.10 Frontier laboratory research #

  • arxiv:2502.1668. authors not recorded. year not recorded. Reason: arXiv record not returned
  • doi:10.23915/distill.00024.002. authors not recorded. year not recorded. Reason: Crossref has no record

G.11 History of technology and its governance #

  • R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots). Čapek, Karel. 1920. Reason: Open Library first publish year 2021 differs from 1920
  • The Statute of the IAEA. International Atomic Energy Agency. 1956. https://www.iaea.org/about/statute Reason: iaea.org blocks scripted fetches.
  • The Development of the NASA Aviation Safety Reporting System. Reynard, William D.. 1986. NASA. Reason: NTRS citation id tried returned not found.
  • History of the International Atomic Energy Agency: The First Forty Years. Fischer, David. 1997. International Atomic Energy Agency. Reason: iaea.org blocks scripted fetches.
  • Convention on Cybercrime (Budapest Convention). Council of Europe. 2001. Reason: coe.int fetch failed.
  • Recommendations for the Evaluation and Oversight of Proposed Gain-of-Function Research. National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity. 2016. Reason: NIH OSP PDF fetch failed.
  • Asilomar AI Principles. Future of Life Institute. 2017. Future of Life Institute. Reason: The site served a German translation to this machine; the English title and date were not confirmed.
  • Framework for Guiding Funding Decisions about Proposed Research Involving Enhanced Potential Pandemic Pathogens (P3CO). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2017. Reason: phe.gov PDF fetch failed.
  • Boeing 737 MAX Flight Control System: Observations, Findings, and Recommendations (Joint Authorities Technical Review). Joint Authorities Technical Review. 2019. Reason: FAA PDF fetch returned no content.
  • Final Committee Report: The Design, Development & Certification of the Boeing 737 MAX. U.S. House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. 2020. Reason: Committee PDF fetch returned no content.

G.12 Insurance #

  • Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act. United States Congress. year not recorded. Reason: Issuing body pages not reachable: the NRC fact sheet on nuclear insurance returned 403. Lead only; not verified.

G.13 International relations and arms control #

  • Artificial Intelligence, International Competition, and the Balance of Power. Horowitz, Michael C.. 2018. Texas National Security Review. Reason: Not found in Crossref under the journal; the journal page was not fetched.

G.14 Law #

  • AI entities as AI agents: Artificial intelligence liability and the AI respondeat superior analogy. Lior. year not recorded. Reason: Not found in Crossref by title and author. Author surnames are search leads from the assignment or recall, not from a record.
  • Accountable algorithms. Kroll. year not recorded. Reason: Not found in Crossref; the law review archive listing did not resolve the article. Author surnames are search leads from the assignment or recall, not from a record.
  • Algorithmic black swans. Kolt. year not recorded. Reason: Not found in Crossref; the law review archive listing did not resolve the article. Author surnames are search leads from the assignment or recall, not from a record.
  • Information fiduciaries and the First Amendment. Balkin. year not recorded. Reason: Not found in Crossref; the law review site returned a Cloudflare challenge. Author surnames are search leads from the assignment or recall, not from a record.
  • Regulating by robot: Administrative decision making in the machine-learning era. Coglianese, Lehr. year not recorded. Reason: Not found in Crossref; the journal page guessed from its site structure returned 404. Author surnames are search leads from the assignment or recall, not from a record.
  • Remarks on the theory of appellate decision and the rules or canons about how statutes are to be construed. Llewellyn. year not recorded. Reason: Not found in Crossref by title or year-filtered search. Author surnames are search leads from the assignment or recall, not from a record.
  • Restatement (Third) of Agency. American Law Institute. year not recorded. Reason: The American Law Institute publication page fetched returned 404, and no other official page was reached. Author surnames are search leads from the assignment or recall, not from a record.
  • The artificial intelligence black box and the failure of intent and causation. Bathaee. year not recorded. Reason: Not found in Crossref by title and author. Author surnames are search leads from the assignment or recall, not from a record.
  • The justices of rules and standards. Sullivan. year not recorded. Reason: Not found in Crossref; the Harvard Law Review page could not be located without a search engine. Author surnames are search leads from the assignment or recall, not from a record.
  • Tort law as a tool for mitigating catastrophic risk from artificial intelligence. Weil. year not recorded. Reason: Not found under this title in Crossref; the same author's 2024 SSRN paper on strict liability and punitive damages for advanced AI (10.2139/ssrn.4694006) is listed in the verified file instead. Author surnames are search leads from the assignment or recall, not from a record.
  • Separation of Parties, Not Powers. Levinson, Daryl J., Pildes, R.. 2006. Reason: Not in Crossref. Semantic Scholar record (paperId 83e1e7d701f899e83be7ca5e0f058c728abc7067) gives title, year 2006, and authors, but no venue; the Harvard Law Review site does not host volume 119 pages (404), and JSTOR and SSRN block automated fetches. Lead: Harvard Law Review 119 (2006), per review C.
  • Separation of Parties, Not Powers. Levinson, Daryl J., Pildes, Richard H.. 2006. Harvard Law Review 119(8). Reason: no Crossref record found by title and authors; the JSTOR and SSRN records were not reachable for checking
  • Digital Omnibus on AI (amending Regulation (EU) 2024/1689). European Parliament and Council of the European Union. 2026. Reason: the Official Journal reference was not located; law-firm summaries report publication on 24 July 2026 and entry into force on 27 July 2026
  • Executive Order 14434. Executive Office of the President. 2026. Reason: no Federal Register record for this order number was found; the outline's date (29 September 2026) and number are unconfirmed

G.15 Linguistics and pragmatics #

  • Toward a new taxonomy for pragmatic inference: Q-based and R-based implicature. Horn, Laurence R.. year not recorded. Reason: Crossref search did not return the chapter; needs a library record of the proceedings volume.

G.16 Machine learning #

  • Algorithms for Inverse Reinforcement Learning. Ng, Andrew Y., Russell, Stuart. 2000. Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML 2000). https://ai.stanford.edu/~ang/papers/icml00-irl.pdf Reason: No primary record reachable: ICML 2000 papers have no Crossref DOI, the ACM Digital Library returned 403, and the only copy found is an author-hosted PDF whose text layer could not be read. Authors, year, and venue are unconfirmed.
  • Faulty reward functions in the wild. Clark, Jack, Amodei, Dario. 2016. OpenAI blog. https://openai.com/index/faulty-reward-functions/ Reason: openai.com returned 403 to every fetch, so title, authors, and date could not be confirmed. The lab-layer CSV already holds this item (key title:faulty reward functions in the wild).
  • Benefits of Assistance over Reward Learning. Shah, Rohin, Freire, Pedro, Alex, Neel and others. 2020. OpenReview. Reason: Seen only as a citation in the International AI Safety Report 2026 (author list above copied from that citation); not on arXiv under this title (arXiv title search returned nothing), and OpenReview was not queried, so no primary record was checked.

G.17 Organizations and management #

  • Endogenously chosen boards of directors and their monitoring of the CEO. Hermalin, Weisbach. year not recorded. Reason: Not found in Crossref; only the authors' later survey (NBER 10.3386/w8161) was found. Author surnames are search leads from the assignment or recall, not from a record.
  • Organizing for high reliability: Processes of collective mindfulness. Weick, Sutcliffe, Obstfeld. year not recorded. Reason: Not found in Crossref (published in an edited annual series without DOI records); publisher page not fetched. Author surnames are search leads from the assignment or recall, not from a record.
  • The self-designing high-reliability organization: Aircraft carrier flight operations at sea. Rochlin, La Porte, Roberts. year not recorded. Reason: Not found in Crossref; the journal's own archive page was not located without a search engine. Author surnames are search leads from the assignment or recall, not from a record.

G.18 Philosophy #

  • Rational Fools: A Critique of the Behavioral Foundations of Economic Theory. Sen, Amartya. 1977. Philosophy & Public Affairs. Reason: Two Crossref bibliographic searches did not return the article.
  • Manipulative Actions: A Conceptual and Moral Analysis. Noggle, Robert. 1996. American Philosophical Quarterly. Reason: Two Crossref bibliographic searches returned only the author's 2020 paper (included in the verified file); no record for the 1996 article.
  • The Singularity: A Philosophical Analysis. Chalmers, David J.. 2010. Journal of Consciousness Studies. Reason: Crossref returned only a 2016 reprint in an anthology; the original journal record was not found.
  • Manipulation: Theory and Practice. Coons, Christian, Weber, Michael. 2014. Oxford University Press. Reason: Crossref record for the volume lists no authors or editors; editor names could not be copied from a primary record.
  • The Parliamentary Approach to Moral Uncertainty. Newberry, Toby, Ord, Toby. 2021. Future of Humanity Institute. Reason: No Crossref record found by title and authors; the issuing institute has closed and no official page was fetched.

G.19 Political science #

  • AI Governance: A Research Agenda. Dafoe, Allan. 2018. Future of Humanity Institute. Reason: The FHI PDF URL failed; FHI has closed and no issuer copy was found.

G.20 Political theory #

  • Designing People to Serve. Petersen. year not recorded. Reason: Chapter not found in Crossref under the title or the edited volume; author given name and volume details not confirmed. Given name not confirmed.
  • AI Safety Governance Framework (version 1.0). TC260 (China's national cybersecurity standardization technical committee). 2024. TC260. Reason: The candidate PDF URL on tc260.org.cn redirected to the committee homepage and no stable official page for the framework was found; secondary reports (law firms, trackers) were not used.

G.21 Psychology and cognitive science #

  • Individual Choice Behavior: A Theoretical Analysis. Luce, R. Duncan. 1959. Wiley. Reason: library catalog copies are dated [1979], not 1959
  • Individual Choice Behavior: A Theoretical Analysis. Luce, R. Duncan. 1959. Wiley. Reason: the library catalogs reached hold only the 1979 reprint; the 1959 first edition (Wiley) was not found in a catalog record
  • Individual Choice Behavior: A Theoretical Analysis. Luce, R. Duncan. 1959. Wiley. Reason: library catalog copies are dated [1979], not 1959

G.22 Psychometrics, measurement validity, and education measurement #

  • Are We Learning Yet? A Meta Review of Evaluation Failures Across Machine Learning. Liao, Thomas, Taori, Rohan, Raji, Inioluwa Deborah and others. year not recorded. NeurIPS Datasets and Benchmarks. Reason: Not found in Crossref; no arXiv identifier at hand; the proceedings page was not fetched.

G.23 Regulatory theory #

  • Ex Post Liability for Harm vs. Ex Ante Safety Regulation: Substitutes or Complements?. Kolstad, Charles D., Ulen, Thomas S., Johnson, Gary V.. 1990. American Economic Review. Reason: Crossref returns only a 2018 book-chapter reprint; the original article record was not found.
  • AI Regulation Has Its Own Alignment Problem: The Technical and Institutional Feasibility of Disclosure, Registration, Licensing, and Auditing. Guha, Neel. 2024. Reason: No Crossref or SSRN record found by title search.

G.24 Safety engineering, reliability, and risk analysis #

  • A Taxonomy of Fallacies in System Safety Arguments. Greenwell, William S., Knight, John C., Holloway, C. Michael and others. year not recorded. Reason: No Crossref record; no official page located.
  • Arguing Safety: A Systematic Approach to Managing Safety Cases. Kelly, Tim. year not recorded. University of York. Reason: No Crossref record (Crossref returned only Kelly's later papers); the only copy located is a PDF on a personal university page, and no HTML catalog record with title, institution, and date was fetchable.
  • Defence in Depth in Nuclear Safety (INSAG-10). International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group. year not recorded. International Atomic Energy Agency. Reason: The IAEA publication page could not be located: a constructed URL returned 404 and the IAEA publication search renders results with scripts.
  • Goal Structuring Notation Community Standard (Version 3). Safety-Critical Systems Club Assurance Case Working Group. year not recorded. Safety-Critical Systems Club. Reason: https://scsc.uk/gsn-standard confirms the title, the issuing body, and that version 3 is current, but states no publication date; the document link returns a file download, not a dated record.
  • Resilience Engineering: Concepts and Precepts. Hollnagel, Erik, Woods, David D., Leveson, Nancy. year not recorded. Reason: Crossref returns only individual chapters of a later reissue, with no book-level record; Open Library unreachable.
  • STPA Handbook. Leveson, Nancy G., Thomas, John P.. year not recorded. MIT Partnership for Systems Approaches to Safety and Security. Reason: Available only as a PDF; the MIT PSASS materials page (https://psas.scripts.mit.edu/home/materials/) mentions the STPA handbook but gives no title, authors, or date in HTML.
  • Severe Accident Risks: An Assessment for Five U.S. Nuclear Power Plants (NUREG-1150). U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. year not recorded. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Reason: nrc.gov refuses connections from this network (HTTP 403); the Crossref search for an OSTI record returned an error and then only WASH-1400 volumes.
  • The Goal Structuring Notation: A Safety Argument Notation. Kelly, Tim, Weaver, Rob. year not recorded. Reason: No Crossref record; the workshop proceedings could not be located online.
  • The Use of Safety Cases in Certification and Regulation. Leveson, Nancy G.. year not recorded. Reason: Two Crossref searches by title and author returned other Leveson papers; no official page fetched. The verified file includes Leveson and Thomas, Certification of Safety-Critical Systems (CACM).
  • Toward Comprehensive Risk Assessments and Assurance of AI-Based Systems. Khlaaf, Heidy. year not recorded. Trail of Bits. Reason: No Crossref record; the publisher's document URL returned HTTP 404.
  • Final Committee Report: The Design, Development & Certification of the Boeing 737 MAX. U.S. House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. 2020. https://democrats-transportation.house.gov/news/press-releases/after-18-month-investigation-chairs-defazio-and-larsen-release-final-committee-report-on-boeing-737-max Reason: the report's own document was not located; the committee's press release of 16 September 2020 announces it

G.25 Sociology, anthropology, science and technology studies, and AI ethics #

  • Do Artifacts Have Politics? (original essay). Winner, Langdon. year not recorded. Daedalus. Reason: No Crossref record for the original publication; the verified file lists a 2017 reprint chapter instead.
  • Participatory Design: Principles and Practices. Schuler, Douglas, Namioka, Aki. year not recorded. Reason: Crossref returns only reviews; no archive.org record; Open Library unreachable.

G.26 Value internalization and moral development #

  • Toward a theory of organizational socialization. Van Maanen, John, Schein, Edgar H.. year not recorded. Research in Organizational Behavior. Reason: No Crossref record found by bibliographic search; only a 2002 critique (10.1177/1534484302011004) and Van Maanen 1978 (10.1016/0090-2616(78)90032-3) were found. Needs a publisher or library record.

G.27 Excluded after review #

Records that verified against a primary record but turned out to be a different work from the one the citing paper meant, or duplicated a record already in the bibliography.

AI Alignment: From the Optimization Problem to the Institutions Around It · © 2026 Changkun Ou · CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
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