Creating A Window

How to create a window using Go? macOS has Cocoa, Linux has X11, but accessing these APIs seems to require Cgo. Is it possible to avoid Cgo? Some existing GUI libraries and graphics engines:

GUI Toolkits:

2D/3D Graphics:

Here is a partial list:

https://github.com/avelino/awesome-go#gui

Most people use glfw and OpenGL. Here are some required libraries (Cgo bindings):

Some more low-level ones, e.g. X-related:

X bindings: https://github.com/BurntSushi/xgb
X window management: https://github.com/BurntSushi/wingo

For example, if you need Metal on macOS:

https://dmitri.shuralyov.com/gpu/mtl

Like the GUI tool ebiten mentioned above, on Windows it no longer needs Cgo. The approach seems to be packaging the window management DLLs directly into the binary and then using DLL dynamic linking calls.

Besides GLFW, there is the heavier SDL:

https://github.com/veandco/go-sdl2

Relationships between some basic terms:

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Unix:      The ancestor
BSD:       Unix-like, Berkeley distribution, one of the two traditional flavors of Unix
System V:  Developed by AT&T, one of the two traditional flavors of Unix
Linux:     A fresh flavor of Unix-like OS
POSIX:     A standard attempting to reduce implementation differences
Darwin:    Apple's open-source Unix-like kernel XNU
Mach-O:    Microkernel hybridized in Darwin, developed by CMU

By Eraserhead1, Infinity0, Sav_vas - Levenez Unix History Diagram, Information on the history of IBM's AIX on ibm.com, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1801948

Relationships between some Wayland-related tools:

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X Window System == X11: Display standard developed by MIT, the foundation for GNOME and KDE
Xorg:    The official implementation of X11
Wayland: An alternative communication protocol between display server and client, distinct from X11
EGL:     Wayland clients use EGL to directly manipulate the framebuffer
libDRM:  Kernel API exposed to userspace, underlying dependency of EGL/X11
DRM:     Kernel-level component for manipulating the framebuffer

By Shmuel Csaba Otto Traian, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=28029855

By Shmuel Csaba Otto Traian, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=31768083

By Shmuel Csaba Otto Traian, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27858390

By Shmuel Csaba Otto Traian，CC BY-SA 3.0，https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27799196

So through DRM you can directly operate on the Frame Buffer under Linux, i.e., Direct Rendering Manager. Related libraries:

https://github.com/NeowayLabs/drm

With this, you can do pure Go rendering directly on Linux, eliminating the dependency on C legacy.

如何使用 Go 创建一个窗口？macOS 有 Cocoa、Linux 有 X11，但访问这些 API 似乎都需要引入 Cgo，可不可以不实用 Cgo？一些现有的 GUI 库或这图形引擎：

GUI 工具包:

2D/3D 图形相关:

这里有一小部分：

https://github.com/avelino/awesome-go#gui

大部分人的做法是使用 glfw 和 OpenGL，这是一些需要使用到的库（Cgo 绑定）：

这里面有一些相对底层一些的，比如 X 相关:

X 绑定：https://github.com/BurntSushi/xgb
X 窗口管理：https://github.com/BurntSushi/wingo

比如 macOS 上如果需要用到 Metal：

https://dmitri.shuralyov.com/gpu/mtl

像是前面的 GUI 工具中的 ebiten，在 windows 上已经不需要 Cgo 了，做法似乎是将窗口管理相关的 DLL 直接打包进二进制，然后走 DLL 动态链接调用。

除了 GLFW 之外，还有相对重一些的 SDL：

https://github.com/veandco/go-sdl2

一些基本名词之间的关系：

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Unix:      上帝
BSD:       类 Unix，伯克利分发，两种传统风味的 Unix 之一
System V:  AT&T 开发，两种传统风味的 Unix 之一
Linux:     新鲜风味的类 Unix
POSIX:     尝试减少实现差异的标准
Darwin:    苹果的开源类 Unix 内核 XNU
Mach-O:    Darwin 混合的微内核，CMU 开发

By Eraserhead1, Infinity0, Sav_vas - Levenez Unix History Diagram, Information on the history of IBM's AIX on ibm.com，CC BY-SA 3.0，https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1801948

关于 Wayland 的一些工具之间的关系：

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X Window System == X11: MIT 开发的显示标准，GNOME、KDE 依赖的基础
Xorg:    X11 的官方实现
Wayland: 另一种显示服务器和客户端之间的通信协议，区别于 X11
EGL:     Wayland 客户端使用 EGL 来直接操作 framebuffer
libDRM:  EGL/X11 底层依赖的内核对 userspace 开放的 API
DRM:     内核级操作 framebuffer 的组件

By Shmuel Csaba Otto Traian, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=28029855

By Shmuel Csaba Otto Traian, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=31768083

By Shmuel Csaba Otto Traian, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27858390

By Shmuel Csaba Otto Traian，CC BY-SA 3.0，https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27799196

所以通过 DRM 可以在 Linux 下直接操作 Frame Buffer 上，也就是 Direct Rendering Manager。相关的库有：

https://github.com/NeowayLabs/drm

有了这个就可以在 Linux 上直接做纯 Go 的绘制了，从而消除对 C 遗产的依赖。